Starting from the premise that André Chénier’s poetry is fundamentally pantheist in nature, this article identifies animism as one of its most important modes of expression. The pantheist belief structures and animist dynamic also inform his final poems, written during the Terror (173–94). Yet in this psychologically constraining and physically violent world, they produce a deeply ‘unca…

In the middle of the 18 th century in Europe,‘cosmopolitan’ or ‘citizen of the world’ suddenly appears on the title pages of several literary works. What characterizes the cosmopolitan? And why does the term emerge at this particular moment in literary history? This article sets out to reveal the history of how ‘cosmopolitan’ is appropriated in French by tracing the origins and sema…

Tahun Terbit

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This article examines in detail certain aspects of the mise-en-page of Glasgow, University Library MS Hunter 409, the most complete surviving manuscript copy of the Middle English Romaunt of the Rose, a translation of the Roman de la Rose. It explores the way in which, since the nineteenth-century work of Skeat and his contemporaries, critical focus has been directed overwhelmingly towards spli…

Tahun Terbit

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Tahun Terbit

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‘Changing English’ is a new feature in ELT Journal which aims to illustrate the diversity of English in the world today and to ask whether, and how, ELT practitioners might accommodate such variation. Focusing on a particular language issue in each article, the series will explore how English varies between places and spaces, over time, and between groups of speakers, and will reflect upon …

The first edited volume of Susan Sontag’s journals, Reborn, appeared in 2008, four years after her death from cancer; the second four years later, in spring 2012. Sontag knew she suffered no lack of talent, but that a perceived weakness of purpose was the mark of bad faith in one who wanted to serve Art, as a critic or as a practitioner. “I’m not sure what purpose my work serves” (295),…

This essay examines the ways the biographer-narrators of Carol Shields’s Jane Austen (2001) and Alice Munro’s “Meneseteung” (1991) exploit the dialogic richness inhabiting the borders between biographer and subject, where “two voices, two accents . . . come together” to “fight it out on the territory of the utterance” (Bakhtin, “Discourse” 360). Both narrators probe the pot…

Reductions in cardiac infarct size can be achieved in ischaemic preconditioning, a procedure which subjects the heart to intermittent, non-lethal cycles of ischaemia and reperfusion. Similar cardioprotection can be induced upon preconditioning distal tissues such as the upper limb, and this procedure is called remote ischaemic preconditioning. Nano-sized, cell-derived vesicles known as exosomes…