George Eliot’s novel Adam Bede was first published in 1859. The story has since been adapted for stage and screen. This article considers two nineteenth-century stage adaptations (1862 and 1884 – from manuscripts in the British Library), two silent film versions (1915 and 1918), one stage dramatization (1990), a television film (1991), and a radio adaptation (2001) to cons…

This article examines in detail certain aspects of the mise-en-page of Glasgow, University Library MS Hunter 409, the most complete surviving manuscript copy of the Middle English Romaunt of the Rose, a translation of the Roman de la Rose. It explores the way in which, since the nineteenth-century work of Skeat and his contemporaries, critical focus has been directed overwhelmingly towards spli…

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This paper considers two related early twentieth-century French reactions to Blake’s poetry and prose, specifically to The Marriage of Heaven and Hell. It analyses how Andre ´ Gide discovered Blake through his reading of Charles Grolleau’s translation (1900) and W. B. Yeats’s prefaces first to his smaller edition in the Mermaid Series (1905) and then to his and E. J. Ellis’…

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‘Readers respond’ is a forum for individuals to contribute their own reactions, perspectives, or experiences in relation to a specific article or articles published in a recent issue of ELT Journal. These views are not necessarily those of the Editor, the Editorial Panel, or the Publisher.

Intercultural Communicative Competence is a paramount goal of modern foreign language teaching. It is the ability to communicate in culturally sensitive and contextually appropriate ways with speakers from other cultures. Being able to apologize is one component of this competence. Uttering apologies allows learners to rectify breaches of social norms in order to restore social harmony and main…

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