The definition of Official Development Assistance (ODA), stewarded by the Development Assistance Committee (DAC), just experienced its largest crisis since the early 1970s. Historically, ODA assessed the subsidy element of aid loans using a discount rate of 10 per cent. Low borrowing interest rates for donor governments enabled them to lend at rates low enough to qualify as ODA, yet high enou…

At the election of the Constituent Assembly of 1848 and the Legislative Assembly of 1849, rumours developed about electoral fraud. Each time, the urn was a central element in the narrative. The press, the main vehicle of this fraudulent discourse, related that the urns that were used for the first mass voting in the Seine must have been carried off or overturned. Alexandre Ledru-Rollin, Ministe…

Towards the end of the seventeenth century, two disputed elections, which were contested by Jansenists and Jesuits, shook the religious establishment at Louvain. Somewhat banal at first sight, these elections actually brought to light the principles and issues at stake in operating the electoral process under the ancien régime. This did not involve choosing the best candidates among those comp…

Among the millions of casualties of World War I, there were hundreds of poets, some of them quitewell known when theyenlisted, while others only found – and tragically lost – their literary voices during the war. It is the latter group of poets who are often regarded as‘War Poets’ proper – War Poets, moreover, whose poems appear to express distinctly anti-war attitudes. Two of the mos…

Starting from the premise that André Chénier’s poetry is fundamentally pantheist in nature, this article identifies animism as one of its most important modes of expression. The pantheist belief structures and animist dynamic also inform his final poems, written during the Terror (173–94). Yet in this psychologically constraining and physically violent world, they produce a deeply ‘unca…

In the middle of the 18 th century in Europe,‘cosmopolitan’ or ‘citizen of the world’ suddenly appears on the title pages of several literary works. What characterizes the cosmopolitan? And why does the term emerge at this particular moment in literary history? This article sets out to reveal the history of how ‘cosmopolitan’ is appropriated in French by tracing the origins and sema…

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This article examines in detail certain aspects of the mise-en-page of Glasgow, University Library MS Hunter 409, the most complete surviving manuscript copy of the Middle English Romaunt of the Rose, a translation of the Roman de la Rose. It explores the way in which, since the nineteenth-century work of Skeat and his contemporaries, critical focus has been directed overwhelmingly towards spli…

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Tahun Terbit

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