A growing number of scholars and pundits have declared that the twenty-first century will be the era of Islam. Such predictions, whether intended in a positive or negative light, err in failing to appreciate the spread and influence of Islam during the past millennium and a half, especially on the continents of Asia and Africa. Nonetheless, events during the first decade of the new millennium h…

Some may wonder why public relations is a deserving topic for the extensive analysis it receives in this encyclopedia. After all, many might think, it is ?just PR.? In the view of some or even many, public relations is the art of sham, spin, buzz, sandbagging, and ?being nice.? Others fear it as deep-pockets lobbying that gives privilege to powerful companies and special interests. Having said …

Finance has become one of the most important and popular subjects in management school today. This subject has progressed tremendously in the last forty years, integrating models and ideas from other areas such as physics, statistics, and accounting. The financial markets have also rapidly expanded and changed extensively with improved technology and the ever changing regulatory and social envi…