Finite-fault earthquake source inversion is an ill-posed inverse problem leading to non-unique solutions. In addition, various fault parametrizations and input data may have been used by different researchers for the same earthquake. Such variability leads to large intra-event variability in the inferred rupture models. One way to understand this problem is to develop robust metrics to quantify…

Seismic interferometry comprises a suite of methods to redatum recorded wavefields to those that would have been recorded if different sources (so-called virtual sources) had been activated. Seismic interferometry by cross-correlation has been formulated using either two-way (for full wavefields) or one-way (for directionally decomposed wavefields) representation theorems. To obtain improved Gr…

The feeding ecology of Blackfordia virginica was evaluated concurrently with their ecophysiological condition in a temperate estuary. The diet of B. virginica is composed not only of metazooplankton, as commonly observed for other jellyfish species, but also of phytoplankton, ciliates and detritus. This feeding behavior might explain their good nutritional condition and sustainable growth duri…

The ctenophore Mnemiopsis leidyi is characterized by high growth rates and a large reproductive capacity. However, reproductive dynamics are not yet well understood. Here, we present laboratory data on food-dependent egg production in M. leidyi and egg hatching time and success. Further, we report on the reproduction of laboratory-reared and fieldcaught animals during starvation. Our results s…

Two lobate ctenophores, Bolinopsis infundibulum and Mnemiopsis leidyi, occur in the North Sea. Stomach contents of field-collected B. infundibulum were recorded and clearance rates for cladocerans and copepods calculated. In starvation experiments, daily body carbon losses of 2.2 and 1.2% and total carbon content losses of 76 and 63% were observed for B. infundibulum (after 68 days) and M. leid…

Carbon-specific prey clearance and ingestion rates of 1.5-mm tentaculate larvae of the ctenophore Mnemiopsis leidyi increased linearly between 6 and 258C but declined between 25 and 308C. Both absolute (length) and carbon-specific growth rate increased linearly with increasing temperature. The latter was 0.87 d21 at 258C. Extremely low or negative growth rates observed at 6 and 308C help define…

Rules of Origin (ROO) are in need of reform. Aside from being used for protectionist purposes, they have also become so complicated that they result in companies foregoing trade preferences granted by preferential agreements on a substantial scale. This article makes the argument for a fundamental reconceptualization of ROO, based on today�s Global Value Chains (GVCs). The article is divi…

We have supplemented available, concurrent measurements of fresh weight (W, g) and body carbon (C, g) (46 individuals, 14 species) and nitrogen (N, g) (11 individuals, 9 species) of marine gelatinous animals with data obtained during the global ocean MALASPINA 2010 Expedition (totalling 267 individuals and 33 species for the W versus C data; totalling 232 individuals and 31 species for the N ve…

Over the past few years, renewable energy subsidies have become one of the main sources of trade disputes at the WTO. A total of six cases have been initiated against renewable energy subsidy programmes since the first of such disputes was brought by Japan against Canada�s Feed-in Tariff (FIT) Program in 2010. Yet not even a single case has so far been initiated against the much larger an…

The strong La Nin˜a of 2010–2011 provided an opportunity to investigate the ecological impacts of El Nin˜o-Southern Oscillation on coastal plankton communities using the nine national reference stations around Australia. Based on remote sensing and across the entire Australian region 2011 (La Nin˜ a) was only modestly different from 2010 (El Nin˜ o) with the average temperature declining …