We evaluate the benefits and costs of indexing multilateral loans to variables related to developing countries� ability to pay; i.e. whether a reform of multilateral lending is feasible and economically justified. The analysis covers 40 International Development Association (IDA) countries from 1990 to 2010 and focuses on three types of debt: GDP-indexed loans; export-indexed loans; inflat…

There is evidence that age matters in politics. In this article we study whether implementation of affirmative action policies on gender can generate additional effects on an alternative dimension of representation, namely, the age of politicians. We consider an Italian law which introduced gender quotas in candidate lists for local elections in 1993, and was abolished in 1995. As not all munic…

Tahun Terbit

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We analyze the effects of foreign nurse immigration on the occupational choice of natives and the quality of native entrants into the nursing sector. Using an empirical strategy that exploits large geographical differences in the distribution of foreign nurses across US states, we find that, in response to foreign nurse immigration, fewer native nurses sit for the nursing licensure examinations…

The combination of increasing immigration pressures and restrictive policies imperfectly enforced by many destination countries has made illegal immigration widespread. This article provides an overview of the mechanisms behind the formation of migration policies and how they lead to or limit the presence of illegal immigrants. We also study how governments deal ex post with the presence of und…

Empirical evidence and common sense tell us that most people are responsive to economic incentives as well as social and moral norms, and that these sets of incentives are often in tension. The tradeoffs between moral and financial preferences are particularly salient in much legal decision-making, especially in the private law context. This paper presents the methods and results of two new be…

The objective of this research is to estimate and analyze the gap between in-trial yield potential, on-farm yield potential, and actual on-farm wheat yields. Yield gaps are quantified by measuring how varietal mean yields have changed over time, due to productivity increases generated by public and private wheat breeding programs. Variety performance trial data for Kansas winter wheat are used …

Tahun Terbit

2013

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui rekrutmen dan seleksi terhadap kinerja karyawan pada PT Kereta Api Indonesia (Persero) Daerah Operasi 1 Jakarta. Dalam penelitian ini menggunakan metode survey dan eksplanasi dengan pengumpulan secara langsung dari sumber asli, berupa penyebaran kuesioner yang diambil dari suatu sampel. Sampel dalam penelitian ini adalah seluruh karyawan PT Kereta Api …

Tahun Terbit

2014