Denial-of-benefits clauses in investment treaties are generally designed to exclude from treaty protections nationals of third States which, through mailbox or shell companies, seek to benefit from provisions that the State parties to the treaty did not intend to grant them. A review of recent investment cases reveals that tribunals have reached significantly diverging decisions as to when, how…

Much of the existing scholarship on international arbitration tends to emphasize the distinction between contract-based commercial arbitration and treatybased investment arbitration. This article identifies and discusses developments and concepts in the fields of commercial and treaty-based arbitration to argue that the real distinction today is not between commercial and treaty-based arbitral…

Models describing the development of collective reputation have focused on the impact of past performance measures, but ignore the role of various marketing efforts for food and beverage products that highlight appellation information.Wedesigned a laboratory experiment and used auction data to estimate consumer response to information tying US wine regions to famous wine production regions in F…

The 2003 CAP reform introduced decoupled income transfers as a prominent policy instrument. However, member states were given discretion over the degree and timing of the reform implementation. As a result, different implementation schemes coexist, keeping certain parts of the income support coupled. This coexistence leads to distortions of production incentives, factor misallocations and artif…

Social interactions may alter the purchase of fair-trade food products by triggering social- or self-image concerns. We identify these concerns by eliciting the willingness- to-pay (WTP) premium for fair-trade vs. non-fair-trade chocolate of subjects under various conditions. We find that both social- and self-image matter: (i) subjects� WTPpremium for fair-trade is higher when their decis…

With the enactment of Regulation (EC) No. 1924/2006, 20 December 2006, �On nutrition and health claims made on foods� several health claims can no longer be used on food products in European markets. We simulate the overall impact of the regulation on consumers and producers using the Italian yogurt market as a case study, and data prior to the introduction of the policy. We quantify…

The European Union (EU) is the world�s largest wine producer, as well as the world�s most regulated wine market. In 2007, the EU decided on a major reform of its wine policy. A crucial element was the abolishment of a system of planting rights to limit the planting of vineyards. However, after intense lobbying by opponents of the liberalisation, this decision was reversed in 2013. De…

The literature on fiscal food policies focuses on their effectiveness in altering diets and improving health, while this paper focuses on their welfare costs.Aformal welfare economics framework is developed to calculate the combined individualistic and distributional impacts of a tax-subsidy. Distributional characteristics of foods targeted by a tax tend to be concentrated in lower-income hous…

Some labour market consequences of transitions in the agriculture sector are examined by combining 20-year unbalanced panel data from Norwegian farm households and logit modelling of transition probabilities. The multi-dimensionality of the problem follows from two decision makers having four possible choices in each period: the farm operator and spouse can be working fully on the farm or havin…

This article investigates member deliveries in agricultural marketing cooperatives. Since cooperatives depend onmembers� contributions to achieve efficiency in processing and marketing, side-selling by members poses a threat to the economic viability of cooperatives in the long run. We develop a model for the farmers� marketing decision that relates farm size to the share of produce …