Scotland is a relatively aseismic region for the use of local earthquake tomography, but 40yr of earthquakes recorded by a good and growing network make it possible. A careful selection is made from the earthquakes located by the British Geological Survey (BGS) over the last four decades to provide a data set maximising arrival time accuracy and ray path coverage of Scotland. A large number of …

We present the first inversion of geomagnetic Sq data in a framework of 3-D conductivity models. This problem has been considered as immensely difficult due to the complex spatial structure of the Sq source which, in addition, varies with season and solar activity. Recently, we developed a 3-D electromagnetic (EM) inversion solution that allows one to work in a consistent manner wit…

The epithelia involved in ionoregulation and detoxification in crustaceans and insects are quite distinct: the gills, hepatopancreas, and antennal gland serve these functions in crustaceans, whereas the Malpighian tubules, hindgut, and, to some extent, the midgut, are involved in insects. This article compares the means by which the Na+/K+-ATPase and the vacuolar type H+-ATPase are used to ener…

In this paper, we propose a weighted Runge–Kutta (RK) discontinuous Galerkin (WRKDG) method for wave field modelling. For this method, we first transform these is mic wave equations in 2-D heterogeneous anisotropic media in to a first-order hyperbolicsystem, and then combine the discontinuous Galerkin method (DGM) with a weighted RK time discretization. The time discretizati…

The exoskeletons of pancrustaceans, as typified by decapod crustaceans and insects, demonstrate a high degree of similarity with respect to histology, ultrastructure, function, and composition. The cuticular envelope in insects and the outer epicuticle in crustaceans both serve as the primary barrier to permeability of the exoskeleton, preventing loss of water and ions to the external medium. P…

The M ∼ 7 1915 Fucino (Central Italy) earthquake represents one of the most destructive seismic events ever occurred in the Italian Peninsula. Several seismogenic faults have been proposed in the past decades as the source of the earthquake by means of different approaches and techniques that lead to a variety of speculations about the source mechanism and the fault location, often contra…

We raise attention to the issue of consistency between the reference frame with respect to which the seismological model calculations of displacement are made on one hand, and that to which the geodetic measurements of crustal deformation refer (e.g.theITRF) on the other. This issue is critical in principle if the seismologically calculated displacement (orgravity change) is to be compared orus…

As the Earth’s in homogeneous and viscoelastic properties, seismic signal attenuation we are trying to mitigate is a long-standing problem facing with high-resolution techniques. For addressing such a problem in the fields of time–frequency transform, Gabor transform methods such as atom-window method (AWM) and molecular window method (MWM) have been reported recently. However, we obs…

The seismic investigation of the lowermost mantle is in many places hampered by the lack of suitable source–receiver combinations that sample the D" region and have to meet the requirements of a suitable epicentral distance range. The low velocity regions beneath the central Pacific and Atlantic Oceans in particular have been sampled in fewer places than circum Pacific regions. In…

The Fisher distribution is central to palaeo magnetism but presents several problems when used to characterize geomagnetic field directions as observed in sequences of volcanic rocks. First, it introduces a shallowing effect when used to define the mean of any group of directional unit vectors. This is problematic because it can suggest the presence of persistent non-axial dipole co…