Globalization has propelled a mass influx of trading, opportunities, wealth, and crossborder relations. But, it has also added distance to the seemingly endless gap between developed and developing nations. Amidst this economic disparity, trade preferences present a solution to alleviate developing country dissatisfaction by providing access to international markets. It finds legitimacy in the …

This article compares and reviews the panel and Appellate interpretations of the GATT Article III:8(a) procurement derogation in Canada � Renewable Energy. When this derogation is available, discriminatory domestic content requirements fall outside of the general GATT Article III:4 national treatment obligation, and are capable of challenge only under the more limited coverage of the plu…

While the first-order Born approximation is incre a singly being used in many seismic tomography efforts, its domain of validity to forward model seismic wave forms has not been quantified in the context of current 3-D earth models yet. We here address this issue by comparing teleseismic synthetic surface waveforms calculated using the Born approximation with spectral element method…

Surface nuclear magnetic resonance (surface-NMR) is a promising technique for exploring shallow subsurface aquifer structures. Surface-NMR can be applied in environments that are characterized as a 1-D layered Earth. The technique utilizes a single loop and is referred to as magnetic resonance sounding. The technique referred to as magnetic resonance tomography (MRT)allowscomplex2-D aquifer str…

Thin plate flexure theory provides an accurate model for the response of the lithosphere to vertical loads on horizontal length scales ranging from tens to hundreds of kilometres. Examples include flexure at seamounts, fracture zones, sedimentary basins and subduction zones. When applying this theory to real world situations, most studies assume a locally uniform plate thickness to …

In the context of elastic wave propagation, the non-periodic homogenization asymptotic method allows to find a smooth effective medium and equations that correspond to the wave propagation in a given complex elastic or acoustic medium down to a given minimum wavelength. By smoothing all discontinuities and fine scales of the original medium, the homogenization technique considerably…

Probabilistic tsunami hazard analysis (PTHA) relies on computationally demanding numerical simulations of tsunami generation, propagation, and non-linear inundation on high-resolution topo-bathymetric models. Here we focus on tsunamis generated by co-seismic sea floor displacement, that is, on Seismic PTHA (SPTHA). A very large number of tsunami simulations are typically needed to incorpo…

In autumn 2012, the new release 05 (RL05) of monthly geopotencial spherical harmonics Stokes coefficients (SC) from Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) mission was published. This release reduces the noise in high degree and order SC, but they still need to be filtered. One of the most common filtering processing is the combination of decorrelation and Gaussian …

Across invertebrates and vertebrates, steroids are potent signaling molecules that affect nearly every cell in the organism, including cells of the nervous system. Historically, researchers have focused on the genomic (or ‘‘nuclearinitiated’’) effects of steroids. However, all classes of steroids also have rapid non-genomic (or ‘‘membrane-initiated’’) effects, although there is …

We analysed a large amount of teleseismic receiver function data recorded by 172 broadband stations in the NE Tibetan plateau and its surrounding areas to investigate the crustal velocity and anisotropy structure beneath the margin. We first applied the modified H–κ stacking technique to measure the crustal thickness and average Vp/Vs ratio, and then employed a joint inversio…