Polarization is a property of electromagnetic wave that generally refers to the locus of the electric field vector, which can be used to characterize surface properties by polarimetric radar. However, its use has been less common in the ground-penetrating radar (GPR) community. Full polarimetric GPR data include scattering matrices, by which the polarization properties can be extracted, at each…

Zooplankton diel vertical migration (DVM) is often explained as a balance between predator avoidance and resource acquisition. However, recent studies suggest that ultraviolet radiation (UV) may also be important in driving zooplankton DVM in some systems. Williamson et al. (Williamson et al., 2011) proposed the “transparency-regulator hypothesis,” which integrates UV into our current under…

Viscoelastic behaviour of materials in nature is observed in post-event deformations due to seismic or volcanic activities. In this paper, by adopting the correspondence principle, we propose an inelastic model to predict first the Laplace-domain response of a transversely isotropic viscoelastic half-space due to a shear or tensile fault of polygonal shape. The displacement and stress fields i…

The Murray Ridge/Dalrymple Trough system forms the boundary between the Indian and Arabian plates in the northern Arabian Sea. Geodetic constraints from the surrounding continents suggest that this plate boundary is undergoing oblique extension at a rate of a few millimetres per year. We present wide-angle seismic data that constrains the composition of the Ridge and of adjacent lithosphere be…

The Anatolian Plate is composed of different lithospheric blocks and ribbon continents amalgamated during the closure of the Paleotethys Ocean and Neotethys Ocean along a subduction margin. Using ambient noise tomography, we investigate the crustal and uppermost mantle shear wave velocity structure of the Anatolian Plate. A total of 215 broad-band seismic stations were used spanning 7 yr of re…

Aquatic ecosystems experience large natural variation in elemental composition of carbon (C), nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P), which is further enhanced by human activities. Primary producers typically reflect the nutrient ratios of their resource, whose stoichiometric composition can vary widely in conformity to environmental conditions. In contrast, C to nutrient ratios in consumers are large…

A method for combining the asymptotic operator designed by Beylkin (Born migration operator) for the solution of linearized inverse problems with full waveform inversion is presented. This operator is used to modify the standard L2 norm that measures the distance between synthetic and observed data. The modified misfit function measures the discrepancy of the synthetic and observed data after t…

In our paper published earlier we discussed forecasts of earthquake focal mechanism and ways to test the forecast efficiency. Several verification methods were proposed, but they were based on ad hoc, empirical assumptions, thus their performance is questionable. We apply a conventional likelihood method to measure the skill of earthquake focal mechanism orientation forecasts. The advantage of…

The functional and taxonomic biogeography of marine microbial systems reflects the current state of an evolving system. Current models of marine microbial systems and biogeochemical cycles do not reflect this fundamental organizing principle. Here, we investigate the evolutionary adaptive potential of marine microbial systems under environmental change and introduce explicit Darwinian adaptatio…

We prove that for smooth projective toric varieties, the Okounkov body of a T-invariant pseudoeffective divisor with respect to a T-invariant flag decomposes as a finite Minkowski sum of indecomposable polytopes, and that the set of these polytopes corresponds to a finite Minkowski basis whose elements span the extremal rays in the secondary fan. In fact, the Minkowski basis does not depend on…