Full waveform inversion (FWI) is a powerful tool used to quantify the elastic properties of the subsurface from seismic data. Because of very high computational cost, the technique has so far been used for either 2-D full elastic or 3-D acoustic media while the extension to 3-D elastic media to a realistic model size is still a challenging task. However, the Earth being 3-D, elastic and highly …

In this work, we analyse in detail how a large earthquake could cause stress changes on volcano plumbing systems and produce possible positive feed backs in promoting new eruptions. We develop a sensitivity analysis that considers several possible parameters, providing also new constraints on the methodological approach. The work is focus on the Mw 8.8 2010 earthquake that occurred along the Ch…

A concept of seismic system (SS), which is responsible for the preparation of an ensemble of strong earthquakes, is considered as an open dissipative system exchanging energy and entropy with the environment. Open dissipative SS allow one to describe the equilibrium and non-equilibrium states of SS, and the lithosphere evolution under different plate tectonic settings on the basis of seismo sta…

Radial and azimuthal anisotropy in seismicwave speeds have long been observed using surface waves and are believed to be controlled by deformation within the Earth’s crust and uppermost mantle. Although radial and azimuthal anisotropy reflect important aspects of anisotropic media, few studies have tried to interpret them jointly. We describe a method of inversion that interprets simultaneous…

Let J(X) denote the James construction on a space X and Jn(X) be the nth stage of the James filtration of J(X). It is known that [J(X),Y] ∼= lim←[Jn(X),Y] for any space Y . When X = S1, the circle, J(S1) = S1 = S2. Furthermore, there is a bijection between [J(S1),Y] and the product ∞ i=2 πi(Y ), as sets. In this paper, we describe the group structure of [Jn(S1),…

It is important to know the electrokinetic properties of crustal rocks for interpreting the conductivity mechanisms and seismoelectric phenomena during earthquakes and seismoelectric well logging. In this study, electrokinetic experiments are conducted using a special coreholder by employing an AC lock-in technique. A series of experiments are conducted on 10 sandstone samples to measure the st…

Let G be a finite primitive permutation group and let κ(G) be the number of conjugacy classes of derangements in G. By a classical theorem of Jordan, κ(G)  1. In this paper, we classify the groups G with κ(G) = 1, and we use this to obtain new results on the structure of finite groups with an irreducible complex character that vanishes on a unique conjugacy class. We also obtain…

The magnetic field of the Earth’s lithosphere arises from rock magnetization contrasts that were shaped over geological times. The field can be described mathematically in spherical harmonics or with distributions of magnetization. We exploit this dual representation and assume that the lithospheric field is induced by spatially varying susceptibility values within a shell of constant thickn…

The Rudbar-Tarom earthquake of 1990 June 20 (M0 = 1.4 × 1027 dyn cm), the largest one in Iran over the past 35 yr, was accompanied by a small tsunami in the Caspian Sea, which produced run-ups of up to 2 m, and inundations of 1 km, reaffirming the existence of tsunami hazard along the Caspian shoreline, as suggested by historical reports. We present the results of a field survey, documenting t…

The cranial neural crest (CNC) cells play a vital role in craniofacial development and regeneration. They are multi-potent progenitors, being able to differentiate into various types of tissues. Both pre-migratory and post-migratory CNC cells are plastic, taking on diverse fates by responding to different inductive signals. However, what sustains the multipotency ofCNCcells andderivatives rema…