The 2003 Bam, Iran, earthquake (Mw = 6.6) was recorded by the BAM accelerometer station. Since the causative fault was located just below the city, the accelerometer recorded the main shock, a foreshock and several local aftershocks. To study the scenario of rupturing, we simulated all components of the observed main shock waveform via the empirical Green’s function method. 28 selected afters…

In presence of large wavelength-scale shear-velocity variations in the Earth, acoustic waveform inversion may not be sufficient even when inverting long-offset data to retrieve the long-to-intermediate wavelengths of the compressional velocity. An acoustic modelling does not always correctly represent the compressional/primary waves when tuning effects and energy conversion between compression…

Protistan grazers and viruses are major agents of mortality in marine microbial communities with substantially different implications for food-web dynamics, carbon cycling and diversity maintenance.While grazers and viruses are typically studied independently, their impacts on microbial communities may be complicated by direct and indirect interactions of their mortality effects. Using a modif…

Nitrogen and iron largely determine phytoplankton production in the ocean, yet there are few direct incubation studies on nutrient limitation of phytoplankton in the western tropical North Pacific Ocean. Here, we assessed the effects of N and Fe amendments on both photosynthesis and biomass of phytoplankton (including final chlorophyll a biomass and taxonomic composition) in that region. Overal…

Local earthquake tomography is a non-linear and non-unique inverse problem that uses event arrival times to solve for the spatial distribution of elastic properties. The typical approach is to apply iterative linearization and derive a preferred solution, but such solutions are biased by a number of subjective choices: the starting model that is iteratively adjusted, the degree of regularizatio…

A method for combining the asymptotic operator designed by Beylkin (Born migration operator) for the solution of linearized inverse problems with full waveform inversion is presented. This operator is used to modify the standard L2 norm that measures the distance between synthetic and observed data. The modified misfit function measures the discrepancy of the synthetic and observed data after t…

Measurements of seismic anisotropy are commonly used to constrain deformation in the upper mantle. Observations of anisotropy at mid-mantle depths are, however, relatively sparse. In this study we probe the anisotropic structure of the mid-mantle (transition zone and uppermost lower mantle) beneath the Japan, Izu-Bonin, and South America subduction systems. We present source-side shear wave spl…

Mating in many copepod species is not random; moreover, individuals have preferences for certain qualities in their mates. This study tested whether female mating status (virgin versus mated) affects mate choice in males in the copepod species Acartia tonsa and Acartia hudsonica, both in laboratory and field populations. In addition, the costs and benefits associated with mating twice versus on…

The rise of new free trade agreements in the 1990s and early 2000s altered the dynamic of the World Trade Organization (WTO) as the arbiter of world commerce forever. Moreover, WTO negotiating rounds over the past decade have been beset with irreconcilable objectives among WTO members, with emerging market members fundamentally opposed to opening their markets to exports from advanced count…

Several destructive earthquakes have occurred in Tien-Shan region at the beginning of 20th century. However, the detailed seismological characteristics, especially source parameters of those earthquakes are still poorly investigated. The Chon-Kemin earthquake is the strongest instrumentally recorded earthquake in the Tien-Shan region. This earthquake has produced an approximately 200 km long sy…