We introduce the Complex-Step-Finite-Difference method (CSFDM) as a generalization of the well-known Finite-Difference method (FDM) for solving the acoustic and elastic wave equations. We have found a direct relationship between modelling the second-order wave equation by the FDM and the first-order wave equation by the CSFDM in 1-D, 2-D and 3-D acoustic media. We present the numerical methodol…

Several hypotheses exist that describe phytoplankton spring blooms in temperate and subpolar oceans: the critical depth, shoaling mixed layer (ML), critical turbulence, onset of stratification and disturbance-recovery hypotheses. These theories appear to be mutually exclusive and none of them describe the annual cycle of phytoplankton biomass. Here, we present a model of the annual cycle in phy…

We estimated spatiotemporal slip distributions from three long-term slow slip events (L-SSEs) that occurred beneath the Bungo Channel at the convergent plate boundary between the subducting oceanic Philippine Sea plate and the continental Amurian plate in southwest Japan between 1997 and 1998, 2002 and 2004 and 2009 and 2011. For this purpose, we employed an inversion method using a Bayesian I…

Non-linear inversion algorithms traverse a data misfit space over multiple iterations of trial models in search of either a global minimum or some target misfit contour. The success of the algorithm in reaching that objective depends upon the smoothness and predictability of the misfit space. For any given observation, there is no absolute form a datum must take, and therefore no absolute defi…

Pulse amplitude-modulated (PAM) fluorometry was used to obtain rapid light curves (RLCs) for phytoplankton from small Canadian lakes of varying water clarity, including metalimnetic communities from two clear lakes. RLCs were measured before and after exposure to a number of experimental spectra containing ultraviolet radiation (UVR) and photosynthetically active radiation (PAR). Photochemical …

Dispersal of native species from the regional pool can recover invaded communities to a pre-invaded state by supplementing declining populations or providing resistant species. However, dispersal may also exacerbate the negative effects of an invader. Introduced species can open or create new niche space, which could facilitate the establishment of competitors or predators that previously could…

Many zooplankters rely on diapausing stages to survive unsuitable conditions in time-varying habitats. In facultative sexual rotifers, reproductive effort allocated to the sexually produced diapausing eggs is at the expense of the subitaneous parthenogenetic eggs, generating a trade-off between current and future population growth. The timing and the amount of sex (the sexual pattern) affect di…

Automatic classification of local seismic events which are only recorded at single stations poses great challenges because of weak hypocentre constraints. This study investigates how single-station event clusters relate to geographic hypocentre regions and common source processes. Typical applications arise in local seismic networks where reliable ground truth by a dense temporal network preced…

A strain of the green alga Oocystis isolated from a lake showed a decline in digestion defenses and an increase in growth rate over 3 years of culture. Changes over time were corroborated by comparisons between a sub-strain grown continuously in light and two sub-strains kept refrigerated in the dark most of the time. Continuous culture in light leads to a sharper decline in grazer defenses and…

The cryptic species complex, Eurytemora affinis is an important component of the mesozooplankton of estuarine transition zones (ETZs). In the St Lawrence ETZ, two clades, the Atlantic and the North-Atlantic clades co-occur. However, their distribution along environmental gradients is spatially segregated, potentially because of differential habitat exploitation. In this study, we tested two hy…