The article proposes an approach to the identification of optimal fine value for the Antitrust Law violation based on the analysis of incentives of economic entities to violate the law. This approach was tested with the example of the oil industry and coal industry entities of the Russian economy.

This article assesses the relevance of efficiencies and other justifications in recent Article 102 TFEU cases. Based on a review of all EU decisions and openings between 2009 and mid-2013, we find that procompetitive justifications still play an unsatisfactory role in the EU Commission�s evaluations, except in IT-related abuse cases. This stands in contrast to the policy goals expresse…

A large theoretical literature asserts that standard-essential patents (SEPs) allow their owners to �hold up� innovation by charging fees that exceed their incremental contribution to a final product. We evaluate two central, interrelated predictions of this SEP holdup hypothesis: (1) SEP-reliant industries should experience more stagnant quality-adjusted prices than non-SEP-relia…

This article aims to find empirical evidence of the connection between industrial deregulation and the appearance of anticompetitive practices. We test our hypothesis using data on antitrust proceedings in Spain from 1990 to 2003, when the Spanish government undertook intense reforms in several industries.We constructa database of proceedings brought by the Court (Tribunal de Defensa de la C…

Difference-in-differences, or �D-in-D,� is perhaps the most broadly applied econometric technique in retrospective analyses of competition matters.We discuss a possible pitfall regarding this procedure. We argue that a positive and significant event variable coefficient is not a sufficient condition for concluding that there have been anticompetitive price effects.We use simulations t…

Abdurrahman. Pengaruh Promosi Penjualan terhadap Keputusan Pembelian Konsumen Pada Ceriamart Bojong Nangka Tangerang. Skripsi. Jakarta : Fakultas Keguruan dan Ilmu Pendidikan Universitas Muhammadiyah Prof. Dr. HAMKA, 2015. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui seberapa Pengaruh Promosi Penjualan terhadap Keputusan Pembelian Konsumen Pada Ceriamart. Penelitian ini dilaksanakan di Ceriamart…

We use consumer panel data to calculate the damage suffered by German consumers due to a detergent cartel that was active between 2002 and 2005 in eight European countries. Applying before-and-after and difference-in-differences estimations we find average overcharges between 6.7 percent and 6.9 percent and an overall consumer damage of about 13.2 million euros over the period from July 2004…

Competition and antitrust law aims to prevent companies from engaging in anticompetitive behavior and to promote and protect market competition. In this context, mergers and acquisitions (M&As) are under particular scrutiny, since they are often assumed to be motivated by possible market power increases, thus adversely affecting market efficiency. With a view to recent efforts within the Eu…

Antitrust enforcement is well established in Korea, yet there has been little study of its effectiveness. John Connor, however, noted that �the Korean [Fair Trade Commission] has the best record of anti-cartel enforcement in Asia.�1 In this article, we examine several datasets to investigate whether antitrust enforcement in Korea, especially anti-cartel activity, has had a price-l…

Agreements between firms to jointly reduce production capacity generally violate competition law, unless specific conditions are met. These conditions imply that the agreements need to realize benefits for consumers that could not otherwise be realised. Together, we call them �efficiency defence.� Initiated by a societal debate in the Netherlands, we analyze how environmental bene…