Investment in upstream oil and gas operations is of great importance for the exploration and development of oil and gas fields. There are diverse and varied laws and regulations regarding investment in upstream oil and gas operations. This article intends to investigate and evaluate these various laws, as well as to provide an answer to the question as to what extent these rules are able to pro…

Energy security remains a vital issue for the European Union (EU), even more so in the wake of the events that unfolded in early 2014 in Ukraine. The EU�s already fragile position in the international energy arena in terms of security of supply appears to be more uncertain than ever after its umpteenth fallout with its historic energy supplier, Russia. This situation is untenable and calls…

Tahun Terbit

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New hydrocarbon frontiers open for various reasons, including technological advances and beneficial economic conditions. In this article, the authors focus on countries opening for business because of political changes and how foreign entrants can best manage investment risk in these countries. Investing in frontier markets may be challenging for a number of reasons, however, the prize for over…

Tahun Terbit

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As global climate change and its adverse effects have caused serious consequences, the Chinese Government is speeding up on energy saving and emissions reductions, becoming much more active on the climate and environment front. According to the work schedule of the Ministry of Finance, construction of the environmental protection tax system is one essential part of the forthcoming green tax re…

The Leviathan natural gas field has become a significant energy source for surrounding states in the eastern Mediterranean such as Lebanon, Cyprus, Syria, Israel, Jordan and Turkey. Tensions in the particular area cause this resource to be exploited on a low efficiency level both when it comes to utilization and organized cooperation between states helping their economies to benefit from the t…

The Bell Atlantic v. Twombly and Ashcroft v. Iqbal Supreme Court opinions refined the threshold for motions to dismiss claims. In elaborating on these thresholds, the Court discussed the legal interplay of �possibility,� �plausibility,� and �probability.� The Court emphasized that claims must go beyond a recitation of theories or legal standards and rely on some …

While studies have examined motivations for businesses to exit and relocate in response to tax and regulatory policies at the state level, no previous work has considered whether U.S. state antitrust enforcement may have similar effects. The results of this article suggest that state-level antitrust (even when coordinated with the federal government) plays a fairly minor role in the exit de…

This article assesses the impact of domestic code-sharing agreements on prices of non-stop flights in the United States. The article finds a positive and significant correlation between code-sharing agreements and the level of airfares, and considers this to be the outcome of two anticompetitive effects: (1) a �round table� effect, produced when the exchange of commercially sensit…