We are currently experiencing shifts in climate at rates not previously recorded. One important aspect of this change is a tendency toward extremes—extremes in temperature and moisture, both within and among years. Numerous studies focus on the physiological consequences of environmental change, especially in terms of ectothermic taxa’s thermal regime and use of habitat. For many species, t…

At the end of the 19th century, the suggestion was made by several scientists, including J. M. Baldwin, that behavioral responses to environmental change could both rescue populations from extinction (Baldwin Effect) and influence the course of subsequent evolution. Here we provide the historical and theoretical background for this argument and offer evidence of the importance of these ideas fo…

Vocal responses to anthropogenic noise have been documented in several species of songbird. However, only a few studies have investigated whether these adjustments are made in ‘‘real time’’ or are longer-term responses to particular soundscapes. Furthermore, increased ambient noise often is accompanied by structural changes to the habitat, including the introduction of noisy roadways an…

The navigation strategies animals use to find sources of odor depend on the olfactory stimuli, the properties of flowing fluids, and the locomotory capabilities of the animal. In high Reynolds number environments, animals typically use odor-gated rheotaxis to find the source of turbulent odor plumes. This strategy succeeds because, although turbulence creates an intermittent chemical cue, the a…

Microseismic events generate compressive waves and shear waves, which can be recorded at receivers. We present a theory that shows how elastic P and S waves separately back propagate to the origin also urcelocation.These refocused PandS wave fields are free of singularities.We also demonstrate a technique that enhances the ability to image the spatial focus for each wave type using elasti…

Rapid changes in slab geometry are typically associated with fragmentation of the subducted plate; however, continuous curvature of the slab is also possible. The transition from flat to normal subduction in southern Peru is one such geometrical change. The morphology of the subducted Nazca Plate along this transition is explored using intraslab earthquakes recorded by temporary regional …

The long and complex history of southern Africa makes it a geological nexus for understanding how crust forms, evolves and survives plate tectonic processes over billions of years. The goal of this study is to characterize the crustal thickness, composition, and Mohoimpedance contrasts across the Kaapvaal and Zimbabwe Cratons and surrounding mobile belts, which range in age from Archean to Pala…

The numerical simulation of wave propagation in media with solid and fluid layers is essential for marinese is micexploration data analysis. The numerical methods for wave propagation that are applicable to this physical settings can be broadly classified as partitioned or monolithic: The partitioned methods use separate simulations in the fluid and solid regions and explicitl…

Hypothalamic neuropeptides involved in vertebrate reproduction, gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH-I) and gonadotropin-inhibitory hormone (GnIH), can vary in the abundance of immunoreactive cells as a function of the reproductive status and nest box occupation of European starlings (Sturnus vulgaris). While using the abundance of cells as an indicator of the activity of neurohormones is infor…

We present a revised interpretation of magnetic anomalies and fracture zones on the South west Indian Ridge (SWIR; Africa–Antarctica) and the Southeast Indian Ridge (SEIR; Capricorn– Antarctica) and use them to calculate 2-plate finite rotations for anomalies 34 to 20 (84 to 43 Ma). Central Indian Ridge (CIR; Capricorn–Africa) rotations are calculated by summing the SWIR and SEIR ro…