An intraplate slow earthquake was detected in northernmost Hokkaido, Japan, by a dense network of the global navigation satellite system. Transient abnormal acceleration of <12 mm was observed during the period 2012 July to 2013 January (∼5.5 months) at several sites. The spatial displacement distribution suggests that a localized tectonic event caused localized deformation. Estimated fau…

This study examined the behavioral response of two marine copepods, Acartia tonsa and Temora longicornis, to a Burgers’ vortex intended to mimic the characteristics of a turbulent vortex that a copepod is likely to encounter in the coastal or near-surface zone. Behavioral assays of copepods were conducted for two vortices that correspond to turbulent conditions with mean dissipation rates of …

In this study, a new method for computing the sensitivity of the glacial isostatic adjustment (GIA) forward solution with respect to the Earth’s mantle viscosity, the so-called the forward sensitivity method (FSM), and a method for computing the gradient of data misfit with respect to viscosity parameters, the so-called adjoint-state method (ASM), are presented. These advanced formal me…

Subsurface velocities within the Earth often contain piecewise-constant structures with sharp interfaces. Acoustic- and elastic-waveform inversion (AEWI) usually produces smoothed inversion results of subsurface geophysical properties. We develop novel AEWI methods using a modified total-variation regularization scheme to preserve sharp interfaces in piecewise constant structures and impr…

The importance of unsteadiness in the aquatic environment has come to the forefront in understanding locomotor mechanics in nature. The impact of unsteadiness, starting with control of posture and trajectories during aquatic locomotion, is ultimately expressed in energy costs, morphology, and fitness. Unsteadiness from both internal and external perturbations for aquatic animals is important at…

The North Atlantic right whale, Eubalaena glacialis (NARW), a critically endangered species that has been under intensive study for nearly four decades, provides an excellent case study for applying modern methods of conservation physiology to large whales. By combining long-term sighting histories of known individuals with physiological data from newer techniques (e.g., body condition estimat…

Fermat’s interferometric principle isused to compute interior transmission travel times τpq from exterior transmission traveltimes τsp and τsq. Here, the exterior travel times are computed for sourcess on a boundary B that encloses a volume V of interior points p and q. Once the exterior traveltimes are computed, no further ray tracing is needed to calculate the interior times …

Green tides are large growths or accumulations of green seaweeds that have been increasing in magnitude and frequency around the world. Because green tides consist of vast biomasses of algae in a limited area and are often seasonal or episodic, they go through periods of rapid growth in which they take up large amounts of nutrients and dissolved gases and generate bioactive natural products tha…

Many organisms encounter noxious or unpalatable compounds in their diets. Thus, a robust reception-system for aversive taste is necessary for an individual’s survival; however, mechanisms for perceiving aversive taste vary among organisms. Possession of a system sensitive to aversive taste allows for recognition of a vast array of noxious molecules via membrane-bound receptors, co-receptors, …

Male moths locate females by navigating along her pheromone plume, often flying hundreds of meters en route. As the first male to find a calling female is most apt to be her mate, this can be termed ‘‘a race to find the female’’ and it is assumed to be under strong selective pressure for efficiency and rapidity. Locating a distant, odor-linked resource involves two strategies. The firs…